Why is the weather calm before a storm?

Sometimes, the weather changes suddenly just before a storm lets loose.  You may suddenly feel a weird calm and quiet before a storm hits, even though it may still be warm and sunny. This happens because of changes in the atmosphere as a storm builds up.  Storm clouds pull in warm, moist air from all around as the storm system develops.  The air travels up through the clouds and then shoots right out over the top of the cloud, and then back down again.  On the way down, the air becomes warmer and drier.

When that warm, stable (calm) air spreads over an area, it makes the rest of the air stable.  This is why it is sometimes very calm just before a hurricane or thunderstorm.  It's hard to predict whether a storm system coming up will start suddenly and without warning, or whether there will be calm before the storm.

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What made the hole in the ozone?

You know that if you're out in the sun a lot, you need to put on sunscreen. The UV (ultraviolet) light from the sun can cause sunburn, and even skin cancer. Luckily, the Earth has a big layer of natural "sunscreen" in the form of the ozone layer. This is like a blanket of oxygen gas and ozone gas that blocks out most of the dangerous rays from the sun. However, since the 1970s, there are areas, especially over Antarctica, where the ozone layer is getting thin, and more UV is getting through. 

Scientists have worked out that the main cause of the hole in the ozone is chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Many types of sprays, refrigeration units, air-conditioners and Styrofoam use CFCs. This gas can rise up as far as the ozone layer and cause the ozone molecules to break down. Many countries have signed a treaty promising to cut back on use of CFCs.

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What makes hurricane winds so strong?

Hurricanes are very intense and powerful storms. They start out as thunderstorms in tropical areas and make their way to land.  They gather power and speed as they travel across the ocean.  Hurricanes take in warm, moist air from the surface of the ocean and release cooler air above. As the air rises, it creates storm clouds and rain. More moist air comes up from the surface of the ocean.  This cycle of moving air and heat in the atmosphere starts the winds rotating. 

Winds at the surface rotate and increase speed.  Strong winds at the top, where the air is released, keep circulating at the same speed.  This keeps the hot air out of the center (the eye) of the hurricane and the moist air keeps rising. This is what gives the hurricane its shape. When the storm hits the coast, it can let loose very strong winds, as high as 180 miles per hour (300 kilometers per hour).

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How do flood waters work?

Most of the damage caused by floods, whether from people drowning or from property loss, is due to the force of water. You've probably enjoyed a peaceful time swimming in the ocean or a river without being knocked off your feet. So how can two feet (61 centimeters) of flood waters wash away a car and six inches (15 cm) knock you over? The difference is the amount of pressure in flood waters.

In a flood, lots of water collects in one place, while there's little (if any) water in another area. Since water always tries to "find its own level," it gushes quickly from where it’s gathered to where there's less of it. Flash floods in particular move very quickly, uprooting trees, cars and even houses. Extra water from storms, heavy rains, hurricanes, or the breaking of a dam can cause flooding. Take flood warnings seriously and always try to get out of the path of a flood.

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